Sports nutrition food refers to a class of food that can provide special nutritional needs for the athletic body, adjust the metabolic state, and help improve physical fitness and physique. 
With the vigorous development of competitive sports and national fitness movement, the use of sports nutrition Food Supplement to ensure health and achieve the best fitness effect both for athletes and fitness people has become an urgent problem that has received more and more attention. What food ingredients can be used in sports nutrition foods?
Calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (CaHMB)
HMB is an intermediate product of leucine metabolism, which can promote protein synthesis and reduce its decomposition, accelerate fat consumption and delay muscle fatigue. HMB can be used to synthesize cholesterol and enable rapid repair of myocyte membranes. Studies have shown that HMB supplementation can help improve endurance performance, and that supplementation at doses ranging from 0.5g/d to 3g/d during strenuous exercise can have a positive effect on strength gain, lean body mass gain, and body fat loss. Due to the short half-life of HMB, only 2~4h, if a large dose of HMB is taken at once, the concentration of HMB in the blood will return to normal after a few hours. Therefore, it is recommended that HMB be taken in three divided doses daily to help it work better, and that HMB works better with other amino acids in combination with supplementation.
Lycopene
Studies have shown that lycopene has antioxidant, immune cell activation, cardiovascular protection and anti-aging effects. The antioxidant effect of lycopene is mainly manifested in its ability to efficiently burst singlet oxygen and scavenge peroxyl radicals.
When exercising vigorously, acidic metabolites accumulate and free radical production increases, attacking tissue cells and causing degradation or inactivation of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, leading to extensive damage to cell structure and function, manifested by symptoms such as increased hemolysis after exercise anemia and exhaustive exercise, elevated serum enzymes and myoglobin, muscle fatigue production and delayed muscle soreness.
In addition, lycopene protects phagocytes from their own oxidative damage, promotes T and B lymphocyte proliferation, stimulates T cell function, enhances the capacity of macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells (NK), reduces oxidative damage to lymphocyte DNA as well as promotes the production of certain cytokines.
In addition, lycopene has been shown to increase LDL degradation and reduce LDL(ox) levels, which may provide cardiovascular protection and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Lycopene has the advantages of abundant resources and safety and non-toxicity, and its value has been gradually recognized by people.
Chitosan and its derivatives
Recent studies have shown that chitosan and its derivatives have a strong total reducing capacity and can effectively scavenge hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, reduce the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, and increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH- Px).
Xu Qingsong et al. used low, medium and high (50, 167, 500 mg-kg-1-d-1) doses of chitosan to feed mice for one week, and found that medium and high doses of chitosan significantly inhibited the increase of MDA content in liver tissues of liver-injured mice (P<0.01), increased the activity of SOD in liver tissues (P<0.05), and reduced the pathological damage of CCl4 liver cells.
The mechanism of liver protection by chitosan may be due to its good antioxidant activity, which enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD in vivo and attenuated the attack of free radicals on lipid and mitochondrial membranes, which in turn reduced the content of lipid peroxidation product MDA.
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide has been widely used in food, however, there are still few studies on the effects of supplementation of Lycium barbarum on immune function in athletes.
Lei Li's research suggests that LBP may be rich in SOD, a metalloenzyme that eliminates free radicals prevalent in living organisms, and may regulate humoral immunity by eliminating free radicals.
Grape Polyphenols
Recent studies at home and abroad have shown that grape polyphenols have various functions such as antioxidant, anti-aging, vascular endothelial cell protection and anti-cancer.
Grape polyphenols are phenolic compounds containing more than two mutually adjacent hydroxyl groups, and the acidic hydroxyl group on the benzene ring has a strong hydrogen donor capacity.
Its antioxidant mechanism is the same as other phenolic antioxidants, that is, it acts as an excellent hydrogen donor, and the free radicals formed can be deactivated by resonance hybridization into stable free radicals, cutting off the chain reaction of free radicals, thus delaying the chain reaction of automatic oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids into hydroperoxides in oils and fats, and playing the role of antioxidant.
Fan Hazhen confirmed the good effect of grape polyphenols (OPC) as natural antioxidants, which can effectively reduce the level of skeletal muscle and liver MDA in rats after exhaustive exercise, improve SOD activity and total antioxidant capacity of the organism, and have good effects on eliminating the effects of a large number of free radicals on the organism, enhancing exercise capacity and delaying the generation of exercise fatigue.
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2022-12-02
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